energy crisis can be defined as any great bottle neck or price rise in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Energy is considered to be lifeline of any economy and most vital instrument of socio economic development of a country.
There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth in comparison to enhancement in energy production supply of energy is therefore far less than the actual demand, resultant crisis has emerged.
Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed rather it is considered to be underdeveloped or poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. depsite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal educations in the availability of hydro power have worsened.
The severe energy shortage faced by Pakistan in present times has resulted in serious economic challenges. The society is in the grip of power and gas load shedding preceding price hikes. Shortage of food commodities, unemployment and among others, deterioration in the law and order situation. This has created deterrence for genuine investors in all sectors including the energy sector. This has badly affected Pakistan’s capacity to mobilize its energy resources. The situation continues to worsen progressively and the gap between energy demand and supply is widening
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GAP BETWEEN CURRENT SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
Pakistan needs around 15000 MW to 20,000 MW electricity per day however currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day. therefore short fall is about 4000 MW to 9000 MW per day this shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country.
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION: |
FUTURE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY IS ALARMING:
if the situation remains continued and no serious efforts will made then the gap between energy demand and supply will increase continuously.
various studies have indicated that Pakistan's energy is expected to grow at on ACGR of 4.37% to 6.09% over the coming 15 years.
SOURCES OF ENERGY IN PAKISTAN:
there are two main sources of energy in Pakistan.
1. renewable sources of energy
2. non-renewable sources of energy
NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY (FOSSIL FUELS)
these sources are limited and expensive.
non-renewable resources are fossil fuels emanating from remains or decomposition of plants and animals deposited deep into the earth and converted into gas and oil. these resources cannot be replenished. there are three main types of fossil fuels.
- petroleum products.
- natural gas.
- coal.
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS:
in 2009-10 consumption of petroleum products was 29% of total share of energy. majority of crude oil is imported from gulf countries to meet the demand. petroleum is also used in generation of electricity which counts 64% of total electricity generation, 34% coming from hydro generation. recoverable reserves of oil in country have been estimated at 303.63 million barrels and we are extracting approximately 24 million crude oil annually. if we do not explore new wells we will exhaust our current crude oil reserves in 12 to 13 years. power, industry and transport sectors consume higher quantity of petroleum followed by agriculture and house holds.
NATURAL GAS:
importance of natural gas in our country is increasing rapidly. average production of natural gas is 4048.76 million cubic feet per day as against 3986.53 million during corresponding last year. showing an increase of 1.56 percent. natural gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer to generate electricity. in form of CNG, it is used in transport sector. share of natural gas in energy consumption is 43.7%. due to price differential in CNG and petrol vehicles are converted to CNG and approximately 2.0 million vehicles are using CNG and currently Pakistan is the largest CNG user country in the world. LPG contributes around 0.7 percent to total energy supply in country and is being imported to stop deforestation in hilly areas.
COAL:
Pakistan has coal reserves estimated over 185 billion metric tonnes including 175 billion metric tonnes identified at Thar coalfields. coal is primarily being used in brick klin and cement industries and approximately 67% coal is imported because indigenous coal is not considered of good quality.
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY:
renewable energy resources are those which are naturally replenished and come from resources such as sunlight, water, wind, tides, geothermal heat and rain
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1. HYDRO POWER:
hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resources of energy in hydal power. however, only 34% of total electricity is coming from hydro power. currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 to 45000 MW.
WIND:
wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. these turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 MW to 50000 MW, yet power generation through wind is in initial stages in Pakistan and currently 06 MW has been installed shortly. more wind power plants will through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. more wind power plants will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar, and bin Qasim Karachi.
SOLAR:
solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has potential of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. building of solar power plants is underway in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh , and Baluchistan. alternative energy development board is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan. mobile companies have been asked by the government to shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels.
TIDAL:
tidal power can be extracted from moon gravity powered tides by locating a water turbine in tidal current. the turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor , that can then store energy until needed. coastal tides are a source of clean, free, renewable and sustainable energy.
plans are underway in Pakistan to harness tidal energy. however, no implementation has been made so far.
CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS :
There are many causes of energy crisis
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY:
Economic and political instability effect our GDP and energy growth
2.FLUCTUATION OF OIL PRICE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET:
WAPDA and KESC purchase expensive oil from market and transfer cost of consumer
3. FACULTY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
15% to 20% energy is wasted due to poor distribution system
4. AGING OF EQUIPMENT:
Unable to generate required electricity
5. SITTING PROCESS:
It is naturally cased process which reduce shortage capacity of our reservoirs
6. CIRCULAR DEBT:
It is causing less production of electricity
7. INCREASE IN GROWTH:
due to increase in population growth demand of energy increase but no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of energy.
8.INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH:
industrial and agricultural growth in country also caused energy crisis.
9. GREATER TRANSPORTATION NEEDS:
increase in population also lead to greater transportation needs which also increased demand of energy.
10.POLITICAL INSTABILITY:
political instability is also caused energy crisis in Pakistan.
EFFECTS OF ENERGY CRISIS:
effects of energy crisis are large in Pakistan are large in numbers. this energy crisis is now having adverse effects on us from political point of view, industrial view point, social lives and from economic prospect. this shortage of energy has a crucial impact on the economic growth of Pakistan. lack of electricity now put a full stop to the economic growth. the second impact of shortage of electricity would be on the industrial sector of Pakistan. no electricity no industries would be there. as we all know that Pakistan is earning large amount of national income on the basis of textile sector. from the studies we come to know that this textile sector is contributing around 60% of exports input but due to lack of electricity factory owners bound to close their factories.
ENERGY CRISIS EFFECT EDUCATION SYSTEM:
EFFECT ON INDUSTRIAL SECTOR:
minimum supply of energy resources to industries lead minimum production because without electricity workers cannot do their work properly therefore factories produce minimum goods and people face difficulty. this low production also lead to low exports.
EFFECT ON ECONOMY:
minimum supply of energy into an economy will lead to less economic activity as whole production of country will not be as per its capacity. so less supply of energy into an economy create many economic problems and country face many economic challenges due to this shortage of energy.
HIGHER ELECTRICITY PRICE:
consumer has to pay higher price of electricity due to insufficient supply of energy and high cost of electricity production.
UNEMPLOYMENT:
another impact of energy crisis to an economy is also lead to unemployment. Due to shortage of energy factory owners bound to close their factories and this create unemployment.
SOCIAL ISSUES:
this factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy, cooking, heating, water provision and other needs. load shedding cause unrest and frustration among the people and result in agitation against the government.
POVERTY:
declination in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shacking industrial growth result in increasing poverty. currently around 40 percent of our population is living beyond poverty and thus ratio is increasing day by day.
Energy crisis are more or less effect all sectors of Pakistan's machinery ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress. energy crisis can be over whelmed by government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation.simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the people of Pakistan to utilize the available energy astutely and wisely to play our due role for progress of the country.
TOTAL PRODUCTION OF ENERGY IN PAKISTAN BY PRODUCERS:
- WAPDA produces 57% of total production.
- PPS produces 32% of total production.
- KESC produces 9% of total production.
- PAEC produces 2% of total production.
due to increase in demand of electricity load shedding is increasing day day
in this image total load shedding hours are mentioned in different cities.
- oil:
- Pakistan generate energy from oil is 34.9%
- India generate energy from oil is 4.1%
- china generate energy from oil is o.7%
- USA generate energy from oil is 1.3%
- gas:
- Pakistan generate energy from gas is 32.7%
- India generate energy from gas is 9.9%
- china generate energy from gas is 0.7%
- USA generate energy from gas is 20.9%
- hydal:
- Pakistan generate energy from hydal is 30.6%
- India generate energy from hydal is 13.7 %
- china generate energy from hydal is 16.9%
- USA generate energy from hydal is 6.5%
- coal:
- Pakistan generate energy from coal is 0.1 %
- India generate energy from coal is 68.6%
- china generate energy from coal is 79.1%
- USA generate energy from coal is 48.8%
- nuclear:
- Pakistan generate energy from nuclear is 1.7%
- India generate energy from nuclear is 1.8%
- china generate energy from nuclear is 2.0%
- USA generate energy from nuclear is 19.2%
- other resources:
- Pakistan's generation from other resources is 0.0%
- India's generation from other resources is 1.9%
- china's generation from other resources is 0.4%
- USA's generation from other resources is 3.4%
SOLUTIONS OF ENERGY CRISIS:
other countries generate large amount of energy from coal in contrast Pakistan's generation of energy from coal is very low. however, coal reserves in Pakistan are estimated at 186 billion tonnes. the measured or drill proven reserves are estimated at 579 million tonnes, which are enough to last for 180 years at the present rate of excavation which averages 3.2 million tonnes annually.
Thar coal can generate 50,000 MW of electricity, 100 million barrels of oil every year for the next 500 years by using only 2% of existing coal reserves we can generate around 20,000 MW power of almost 40 years, but due to lack of technology and proper utilization these reserves are still untouched.
we can reduce energy crisis by developing new energy resources.
Govt should use advanced technology for proper utilization of Thar coal reserves.
we can generate more energy by constructing new dams and hydro power plants.
Govt should also utilize alternative energy resources.
we can also contribute to reduce these energy crisis through reducing unnecessary use of energy.
we can use electricity saving devices for this purpose.
Govt should start awareness campaign for energy saving.
reduction in unnecessary transportation by developing good public transport systems.
decreasing line losses by using efficient power transmission cables.
we should decrease reliance on rental power projects, because instead of doing any good they are increasing prices of electricity.
hydel power is the cheapest source to generate energy so we should utilize more hydel power to generate energy.
small hydro projects are also very important as Pakistan has a great potential in this sector.
at present, some 300 small and mini hydro power plants installed by the private and public in the northern hilly areas, are supplying electricity to these areas.
so the conclusion is that energy crisis are more or less affecting all sectors of Pakistan from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty, and it is hampering national progress in very bad manner. energy crisis can be solve by Govt through effective policies. it is the responsibility of us , the people of Pakistan to utilize the available energy resources in proper way and wisely play our due role for the progress of our country Pakistan.
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